Black Hole Thermodynamics From Near-horizon Conformal Quantum Mechanics

Black hole thermodynamics from near-horizon conformal quantum mechanics

Horacio E. Camblong1 and Carlos R. Ordo´n˜ez2,3 1 Department of Physics, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94117-1080, USA 2 Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5506, USA 3 World Laboratory Center for Pan-American Collaboration in Science and Technology, University of Houston Center, Houston, Texas 77204-5506, USA (Received 27 December 2004; revised manuscript received 31 March 2005; published 23 May 2005) 

The thermodynamics of black holes is shown to be directly induced by their near-horizon conformal invariance. This behavior is exhibited using a scalar field as a probe of the black hole gravitational background, for a general class of metrics in D spacetime dimensions (with D 4). The ensuing analysis is based on conformal quantum mechanics, within a hierarchical near-horizon expansion. In particular, the leading conformal behavior provides the correct quantum statistical properties for the BekensteinHawking entropy, with the near-horizon physics governing the thermodynamics from the outset. Most importantly: (i) this treatment reveals the emergence of holographic properties; (ii) the conformal coupling parameter is shown to be related to the Hawking temperature; and (iii) Schwarzschild-like coordinates, despite their ‘‘coordinate singularity,’’ can be used self-consistently to describe the thermodynamics of black holes. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.71.104029

Untuk mengetahui lebih dalam bisa dilihat di pdf

"KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI"

http://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=phys

Thermodynamics of Information Processing in Small Systems^*)

1. Takahiro Sagawa¹,²

+Author Affiliations

1. ¹The Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
2. ²Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

• Received October 24, 2011.

Abstract

We review a general theory of thermodynamics of information processing. The background of this topic is the recently-developed nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and quantum (and classical) information theory. These theories are closely related to the modern technologies to manipulate and observe small systems; for example, macromolecules and colloidal particles in the classical regime, and quantum-optical systems and quantum dots in the quantum regime.

First, we review a generalization of the second law of thermodynamics to the situations in which small thermodynamic systems are subject to quantum feedback control. The generalized second law is expressed in terms of an inequality that includes the term of information obtained by the measurement, as well as the thermodynamic quantities such as the free energy. This inequality leads to the fundamental upper bound of the work that can be extracted by a “Maxwell's demon”, which can be regarded as a feedback controller with a memory that stores measurement outcomes.

Second, we review generalizations of the second law of thermodynamics to the measurement and information erasure processes of the memory of the demon that is a quantum system. The generalized second laws consist of inequalities that identify the lower bounds of the energy costs that are needed for the measurement and the information erasure. The inequality for the erasure leads to the celebrated Landauer's principle for a special case. Moreover, these inequalities enable us to reconcile Maxwell's demon with the second law of thermodynamics.

In these inequalities, thermodynamic quantities and information contents are treated on an equal footing. In fact, the inequalities are model-independent, so that they can be applied to a broad class of information processing. Therefore, these inequalities can be called the second law of “information thermodynamics”.

Articles citing this article

Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan " KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI"

http://ptp.oxfordjournals.org/content/127/1/1.abstract

• 
  

Observation of Enhanced Diamagnetism Above Tc in Indium Due to Thermodynamic Fluctuations

OBSERVATION OF ENHANCED DIAMAGNETISM ABOVE T IN INDIUM DUE TO THERMODYNAMIC FLUCTUATIONS

* J. P. Gollub, 1' M. R. Beasley, R. S. Newbower, f and M. Tinkham Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (Received 12 May 1969) %

we have observed a temperature-dependent enhanced diamagnetism above the critical temperature in pure bulk indium which we attribute to the effects of thermal fluctuations. The magnitude of the effect and the manner in which it scales with magnetic field are in agreement with a finite-field generalization of a zero-field result based on the GinzburgLandau theory.

Untuk melihat lebih jauh tentang artikle ini " KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI"
http://scholarship.haverford.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1245&context=physics_facpubs

Physics

Physics is the study of matter and radiation, the space-time continuum that contains them, and the forces to which they are subject.

Gerhard Herzberg, physicist, Nobel laureate

Nobel prize winner Gerhard Herzberg (courtesy National Research Council).

Werner Israel, scientist

Physicist Werner Israel conjectures that black holes can be defined by a few parameters (courtesy University of Alberta/Lotus Studio).

Physics

Physics is the study of matter and radiation, the space-time continuum that contains them, and the forces to which they are subject. Physics may be experimental, observing the behaviour of matter and radiation under various conditions, using increasingly sophisticated instruments; or it may be theoretical, using mathematical tools to construct models, to formulate laws governing observed behaviour and to indicate (on the basis of these models and laws) promising avenues for further experimentation. The terms macroscopic and microscopic (or, more accurately, submicroscopic), and "classical" and "modern," refer to aspects of physics characterized by different scales in the phenomena studied. Macroscopic or classical physics deals with matter in bulk, as solids, liquids or gases.

The closely interrelated fields of mechanics (based on Newton's laws of motion), heat (ie, thermometry and calorimetry), thermodynamics, classical electricity and magnetism (based on discoveries by Coulomb, Ampère, Faraday and Maxwell), and some aspects of statistical physics, lie in the domain of classical physics. Submicroscopic or modern physics studies the detailed structure of matter: atoms, molecules, electrons, nuclei, nucleons and various so-called "elementary particles," many of which are unstable and very short-lived.

The transition from classical to modern physics involved recognition of the existence in nature of a number of fundamental constants, which have since been measured with ever greater precision. Thus the speed of light in a vacuum is now known to 0.004 parts per million (c = 299 792 458 m/s). Other fundamental constants, such as e (the charge of an electron), m (its mass), M (the proton mass) and h (Planck's constant), have all been measured to a precision of a few parts per million. In classical physics, radiation (eg, visible light, radio waves) is treated as continuous waves characterized by a wavelength and a frequency. Modern physics introduced the concept of discrete bundles of energy, called quanta, associated with the waves and, shortly thereafter, discovered that under certain conditions the subatomic units of matter exhibit a wavelike behaviour. To deal with this behaviour a new mode of mathematical description, known now as quantum mechanics, has been developed.

 Finally, the pair of terms basic and applied represents an arbitrary division of physics into 2 broad areas, between which the boundary shifts continually. Michael Faraday's basic studies of the relation between electricity and magnetism have led to the applied field ofELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. The basic studies in nuclear physics by Ernest RUTHERFORD at McGill at the turn of the century eventually resulted in CANDU nuclear power reactors. Basic studies inSPECTROSCOPY, such as those of Canada's Nobel laureate GerhardHERZBERG, underlie lasers, atomic clocks, and the NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA'S daily TIME signal on CBC Radio.

Untuk lebih jelasnya "klik link dibawah ini"

http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/physics/

Branches of Classical Physics

Branches of Classical Physics

Physics as was known till the end of the nineteenth century is known now as Classical physics. It is broadly classified into the following branches:

• Mechanics
• Acoustics
• Optics
• Thermodynamics
• Electromagnetism

Modern Physics

Two new areas of physics, relativity and quantum physics, were discovered in the 20th century. Unification of these two areas and particle physics is the chief focus of physics in the 21st century.

Mechanics

Main article: Mechanics

Mechanics is the study of movement. Kinematics, mechanical forces, work, power, energy, and matter are all part of mechanics.

Kinematics is the study of (relative) motion - displacement, velocity, acceleration etc. The two relations at the heart of kinematics are:  and  where  is displacement at time ,  is velocity, is acceleration, and  is time. Uniform rectilinear motion, projectile motion, uniform circular motion, and simple harmonic motion are some of the types of problems studied in kinematics.

The rules of physics are almost fully summarized by the three famous laws of motion formulated by Isaac Newton:

• A body continues to be in its state of uniform rectilinear motion until it is disturbed by an external force. This property is known as inertia.
• The rate of change of momentum of a body with respect to time is directly proportional to the force acting on it.
• Every action as an equal and opposite reaction.

Mass is the one of the two most basic intrinsic properties of a body. It is a measure of its inertia. Momentum is defined as the product of the mass and velocity of a body. Force is something that changes or tends to change the momentum of a body, or, informally, "a push or pull".

Mechanical work is defined by the relation  where  is work done,  is force,  is displacement, and subscripts  and  denote the initial and final states respectively. Similarly, mechanical poweris defined as  where  is power delivered and  is velocity. Energy is the other basic intrinsic property of a body. Mechanical energy is simply the capacity of a body to do mechanical work.

Among the various properties of matter are elasticity, surface tension, and viscosity. The most important one isgravity. Gravity is indeed considered one of the most mysterious things not only in physics but in science as a whole.

Untuk lebih jelasnya " KLIK LINK DIBAWAH INI "

http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/Physics