Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the movement of energy and how energy instills movement. More precisely, it studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. 19th century physicists defined three Laws of thermodynamics to sum up the basic principles of the subject; in the 20th century, an unofficial "zeroth law" was added.
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- Every mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an elementary course in thermodynamics.
- V.I. Arnold, "Contact geometry: The geometrical method of Gibbs' thermodynamics," in Proceedings of the Gibbs Symposium, D. Caldi and G. Mostow, eds. (American Mathematical Society, 1990), p. 163.
- In order to consider in the most general way the principle of the production of motion by heat, it must be considered independently of any mechanism or any particular agent. It is necessary to establish principles applicable not only tosteam engines but to all imaginable heat-engines, whatever the working substance and whatever the method by which it is operated.
- ̈Machines which do not receive their motion from heat... can be studied even to their smallest details by the mechanical theory. ...A similar theory is evidently needed for heat-engines. We shall have it only when the laws of Physics shall be extended enough, generalized enough, to make known beforehand all of the effects of heat acting in a determined manner on any body.
- Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop Power(1824)
- The production of heat alone is not sufficient to give birth to the impelling powerː it is necessary that there should also be cold; without it the heat would be useless. And in fact, if we should find about us only bodies as hot as our furnaces... What should we do with it if once produced? We should not presume that we might discharge it into the atmosphere... the atmosphere would not receive it. It does receive it under the actual condition of things only because.. it is at a lower temperature, otherwise it... would be already saturated.
- Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop Power(1824)
- Heat can evidently be a cause of motion only by virtue of the changes of volume or of form which it produces in bodies. These changes are not caused by uniform temperature but rather by alternations of heat and cold.
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